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Economics HKDSE Knowledge Library
全英文对标 HKEAA 官方课纲。每个术语给出【官方英文定义 + 中文注解】。定义题必须一字不差背诵英文原文。
Part 1 Microeconomics 微观经济
Unit 1 Basic Economic Concepts ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Scarcity | The situation in which wants are unlimited but resources are limited | 欲望无限而资源有限 |
| Opportunity cost | The highest-valued option forgone when a choice is made | 所放弃选项中价值最高者 |
| Free good | A good with zero opportunity cost; at zero price, quantity supplied ≥ quantity demanded | 零机会成本的物品 |
| Economic good | A good with a positive opportunity cost | 具正机会成本的物品 |
| Positive statement | A statement about what is / what will be, which can be tested by facts | 可用事实检验的实证陈述 |
| Normative statement | A statement involving value judgement about what ought to be | 含价值判断的规范陈述 |
答题铁律：Opportunity cost 题必须写 "the highest-valued option forgone"，写 "the option given up" 不给满分。
经典陷阱：
- 免费得到的物品 ≠ free good（判断标准是机会成本，不是价格）
- Opportunity cost 只计 最高价值的一个 放弃选项，不是全部加总
Unit 2 Firms and Production ★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Division of labour | Workers specialise in different stages of a production process | 分工 |
| Labour productivity | Output per worker in a period of time | 人均产量 |
| Limited liability | Shareholders' loss is limited to their capital contribution | 有限责任 |
| Private / Public limited company | Shares not / can be transferred publicly（私人公司股份不可公开转让） | 私人/公众有限公司 |
必背比较：Sole proprietorship vs Partnership vs Limited company —— 从 liability / legal entity / continuity / capital raising 四角度作答。
Unit 3 Demand, Supply and Price Determination ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Law of demand | When the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls, ceteris paribus | 需求定律 |
| Change in demand vs quantity demanded | Demand shifts due to non-price factors; quantity demanded moves along the curve due to price | 整条曲线移动 vs 沿线移动 |
| Equilibrium price | The price at which quantity demanded = quantity supplied | 均衡价格 |
| Shortage / Surplus | Qd > Qs at a price below equilibrium / Qs > Qd above equilibrium | 短缺 / 过剩 |
Diagram 满分四要件（缺一扣分）：
- 轴标签：
Price ($)纵轴、Quantity横轴 - 曲线标签：
D₀ → D₁、S₀ → S₁ - 均衡点：标
E₀ → E₁，虚线投影到两轴标P₀ P₁ Q₀ Q₁ - 箭头标明移动方向
标准分析三句式（供求变化题万能模板）：
text
1. The [event] leads to an increase/decrease in demand/supply.
2. The demand/supply curve shifts rightward/leftward from D0 to D1.
3. As a result, the equilibrium price rises/falls from P0 to P1 and the equilibrium quantity increases/decreases from Q0 to Q1.Unit 4 Elasticity ★★★
| Concept | Formula | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Price elasticity of demand (Ed) | %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP | Ed > 1 elastic; Ed < 1 inelastic; Ed = 1 unitary |
| Price elasticity of supply (Es) | %ΔQs ÷ %ΔP | 同上判读 |
总收入判定表（必背）：
| 需求弹性 | 提价后 Total Revenue | 降价后 Total Revenue |
|---|---|---|
| Elastic (Ed>1) | ↓ falls | ↑ rises |
| Inelastic (Ed<1) | ↑ rises | ↓ falls |
| Unitary (Ed=1) | unchanged | unchanged |
标准句式：Since the demand is price elastic, an increase in price leads to a more than proportionate decrease in quantity demanded, so total revenue falls.
Unit 5 Market Intervention ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Price ceiling (effective) | A legal maximum price set below the equilibrium price → shortage | 有效价格上限 → 短缺 |
| Price floor (effective) | A legal minimum price set above the equilibrium price → surplus | 有效价格下限 → 过剩 |
| Quota | A legal limit on quantity supplied | 配额 |
| Unit tax incidence | Shared between buyers and sellers depending on relative elasticities | 从量税负担按相对弹性分摊 |
税负分摊规则：需求越缺乏弹性（inelastic），买方承担越多税负。句式：The more inelastic the demand, the larger the share of tax borne by buyers.
Unit 6 Efficiency and Market Failure ★★
- Marginal benefit (MB) / Marginal cost (MC)：边际效益 / 边际成本
- Efficiency criterion：
Social surplus is maximised when MB = MC - Deadweight loss：因产量偏离效率水平而损失的社会盈余
- Externality：
A cost or benefit imposed on third parties not involved in the transaction（外部性） - 政府纠正手段：tax / subsidy / regulation / tradable permits
Part 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济
Unit 7 Measurement of Economic Performance ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| GDP | The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory in a period | 本地生产总值（注意三关键词） |
| GNP/GNI | GDP + factor income earned by residents from abroad − factor income earned by non-residents domestically | 国民生产总值 |
| Nominal vs Real GDP | Real GDP is measured at constant prices, removing the effect of price changes | 实质GDP剔除物价影响 |
| Per capita real GDP | Real GDP ÷ population, a rough indicator of living standard | 人均实质GDP |
GDP 不包含（高频陷阱）：二手货交易、纯金融转移（股票买卖差价）、家务劳动、非法交易、中间产品。
Unit 8 National Income Determination ★★
- Aggregate demand:
AD = C + I + G + X − M - Consumption function、MPC/MPS、乘数：
Multiplier k = 1/(1−MPC) - Deflationary / Inflationary gap 与对应的财政政策方向
Unit 9 Money and Banking ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Money | Anything generally accepted as a medium of exchange | 货币的核心定义 |
| Functions of money | Medium of exchange / Unit of account / Store of value / Standard of deferred payment | 四大功能全背 |
| M1 / M2 / M3 (HK) | M1 = 流通现金+活期存款；M2 = M1+储蓄及定期存款+NCD 等 | 香港货币供应定义 |
| Credit creation | Banking system creates deposits through fractional reserve lending | 存款创造 |
| Maximum money supply change | ΔDeposits = Initial deposit × 1/required reserve ratio | 货币乘数计算 |
| Linked Exchange Rate System | HKD pegged to USD at 7.75–7.85 under a currency board system | 香港联系汇率制度 |
Unit 10 Inflation, Deflation and Unemployment ★★★
| Term | Official English Definition | 中文注解 |
|---|---|---|
| Inflation | A sustained increase in the general price level | 持续+整体物价，两词缺一不可 |
| CPI | Measures changes in the price level of a basket of consumer goods | 消费物价指数 |
| Inflation rate | (CPI₁ − CPI₀) ÷ CPI₀ × 100% | 通胀率公式 |
| Unemployment rate | Unemployed ÷ labour force × 100%（不是除以总人口！） | 失业率 |
| Labour force participation rate | Labour force ÷ population aged 15+ × 100% | 劳动人口参与率 |
通胀赢家输家（Discuss 常考）：债务人（固定利率）赢、债权人输；持实物资产者赢、持现金者输。
Unit 11 Fiscal and Monetary Policy ★★★
- Expansionary fiscal policy：
increase government expenditure and/or reduce tax→ AD 右移 - 香港特殊性：联系汇率下 香港没有独立货币政策（Discuss 题高频考点）
- Budget surplus/deficit/balanced 定义与判断
Unit 12 International Trade ★★
- Absolute vs Comparative advantage：
A country has a comparative advantage if it can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost - 计算比较优势：算各国生产 1 单位 X 的机会成本再比较
- Trade barriers: tariff / quota / subsidy 的图形分析
- Exchange rate：本币贬值 → 出口便宜进口贵 → 净出口↑（条件：需求有弹性）
Command Word 答题框架（全卷通用）★★★
| Command Word | 要求 | 分值特征 |
|---|---|---|
| State / Give | 只写定义或事实，一句话 | 1-2 分 |
| Describe | 说趋势 + 简单特征 | 2-3 分 |
| Explain | 定义 → 机制 → 过程推导（必须有因果链） | 3-4 分 |
| Discuss | 正方 + 反方 + 分析（不必下结论） | 6-8 分 |
| Evaluate / To what extent | 两面分析 + 明确个人判断 | 8-10 分 |
DRQ 长题规则：
- 开头先定义核心术语（定义分白送，必拿）
- 每段一个论点：Topic sentence → Explanation → Example
- 禁用 bullet points，必须完整句子成段，否则丢 EC (Effective Communication) 分
- Evaluate 题结尾必须表态：
In conclusion, I agree/disagree that... because the benefits outweigh the costs...
Part 3 Current Economic Issues（每月更新）
关注方向：香港本地经济（楼市、旅游、金融中心地位）、内地宏观政策、全球通胀与利率周期、国际贸易格局。建议每月用下方指令让 AI 汇总时事并关联考点。
prompt
Act as an HKDSE Economics current-affairs curator. Summarise the 5 most exam-relevant economic events of the past month (Hong Kong & global). For each event: (1) one-paragraph English summary, (2) matched HKDSE syllabus unit, (3) one possible DRQ-style question with a suggested answer outline.AI Self-test Prompt（本科通用）
prompt
You are a certified HKDSE Economics examiner. Based on the unit I specify, generate: 3 definition questions + 2 diagram analysis questions + 1 DRQ mini essay (8 marks). All in standard HKEAA English.
After I answer in English, mark strictly: check definition wording accuracy, diagram labelling completeness, essay logic and EC marks. List every missing scoring point and tell me exactly which section of this page to revise.
Unit: [填写单元名，如 Elasticity]